Problem Witht Water In Moen I

Joachim Bauer: Why do I feel what you feel

Extracts from:

J. Bauer: Why do I feel what you feel . Hamburg 2005

neurons with the program for action:

Asterix and Obelix in the cerebral cortex

The execution of an action goes against the brain similar to Asterix and Obelix: The action plan indicates that neurons, the nerve cells of the intelligent Asterix premotor Cortex. The actual execution is carried by the movement of neurons, the nerve cells of the Obelix adjacent motor cortex, which give the muscles the marching orders. Studies on the sequence of actions show that the act neurons firing their bioelectric signals before the movement of neurons into action. The time difference between the plan of Asterix and Obelix of the executed action is between 100 and 200 milliseconds, so one or two tenths of a second.

However, not every idea that came to mind Asterix, Obelix, he was put into practice. So it is also in action neurons. It is true that Movement neurons when they receive treatment from the controlling nerve cells statements that do not solely targeted actions. On the other hand, it is not every time you act neurons become active, it is essential to the genuine action of the movement neurons. It can also stay at the mere idea or reflecting on an action. What neurons encode action, so it can remain a story idea . But so true: ideas for action, was reflected on the often have a better chance of being implemented than those that previously were not even there as an idea. What also can be proved experimentally. What this means for the question of free will, will discuss his [...]

The discovery of mirror neurons

Giacomo Rizzolatti, head of the Physiological Institute of the University of Parma [. ..] and his colleagues are investigating for a long time, like the brain, the planning and execution of targeted control actions. No wonder that the intelligent manipulation neurons are of type Asterix past twenty years, his research topic. It began in the eighties with his studies in monkeys .

[...] Rizzolatti had with this animal that identifies an action neuron that the plan for action "reaching for a nut that is located on an area" codes. Every time the monkey executed this action, began the campaign with a bioelectrical signal this nerve cell. But that's not all. For now, the researchers observed an amazing thing: that these cells also fired when the monkey watched like someone else to handle the nuts on the tray. It takes a moment to understand what that meant. It was a neurobiological sensation.

The sensation was that there was something of a neurobiological response are: the observation of another by a completed action activated in the observer, in this case, the monkey, its own neuro-biological program, precisely the program that could bring the observed action at his own execution. Nerve cells that can be realized in his own body a particular program, but are also active when they are observed or otherwise witnessed another individual to implement this program into action, called mirror neurons .

mirror neurons but can be activated not only by the response that a other an act is observed. Sounds that are typical for a certain action, have the same effect: the peanut experiment with the monkey is structured so that the nuts are contained in a paper that rustles when opened, characteristically, enough of this noise to the to enable appropriate action controlling mirror neurons of the monkey. In humans, it is sufficient to hear spoken by a measure in order to allow the mirror neurons in response. [...] you spark even if they say the test subject, they may think of the act in question. Most, however, they fire when a Person is asked to imitate an observed action simultaneously.

mirror neurons: Simulators for,

what others do

perceived Other actions call inevitably, the mirror neurons of the observer on the scene. Activate in his own brain-motor schema, precisely the same thing would be that responsible, if he had performed the observed action itself. The process of reflection happening simultaneously, involuntarily and without any thought. Of the perceived Action is made, an internal neural copy, so when the observer was taking the action itself if he takes it really him remain free. What he is not, however, can defend, is that its offset in the resonant mirror neurons raise them in action program stored in its internal representation. What he observed is re-enacted on their own neurobiological keyboard in real time. An observation that is dissolved in a man a kind of internal simulation. [...] It is similar to the flight simulator: Everything is like flying, even the dizziness sets in the fall flight, only to fly just not real.

[...] Just as the flight simulator sitting 'observer' makes the ordinary observer who witnessed the act of another person, the following experience: by what he observed, unconsciously as an internal simulation program experienced he understands, and that spontaneously and without thinking what the other does. Because of this understanding, the internal perspective includes the agent with, it comes with a whole different dimension than what could make an intellectual or mathematical analysis of the observed sequence of actions. What can run the mirror neurons in the observer, is the mirror image of what the other is doing. Of course, limits the perception of another person not only to internal simulation, as it relates these important aspects.

[...] mirror phenomena make situations - whether for better or for worse - predictable. They generate a feeling that we call intuition and guess which leaves us, what might come. What senses, intuition is not left to chance. It is as it were, a kind of toned down version of the implicit certainty, a kind of hunch or seventh sense. [...]

mirror neurons do so by they connect and resonate in response, actions observed in our own experience, not only spontaneous course. Mirror neurons can supplement parts of a scene observed the expected total sequence likely to. p.31 The programs of action have saved neurons are not fictitious but typical sequences that are currently based on the totality of the particular individual experiences. Since most of these sequences, the experience of all members of a social community meet to form the neurons of a common action for action and inter-subjective space of meaning [...]

Intuitive hunches can result in a person to achieve even without consciousness. It has, for example, only a bad feeling, but do not know why. This is partly because there may be subliminal, not consciously registered perceptions, which enable us to mirror neurons. The ability to develop a feel for what others do is, in humans, however, varies dramatically.

[...] perceptions of scenes drag on the neurobiological level system to activate programs for the brain, although at first look like a fitting continuation of the observed events, but then as Errors prove. Show [...]

mirror neurons in stress and anxiety

studies that anxiety, tension and stress reduce the signal rate of the mirror neurons massively. Once the pressure and anxiety to be produced, latches onto anything that depends on the system of mirror neurons of: the ability to empathize, to understand others and to perceive subtleties. Already here it should be noted that where fear and pressure prevail, another skill decreases, the lives of the working of the mirror systems: the ability to learn. Stress and anxiety are therefore in all areas where learning processes play a role in counter-productive. This applies not only to work or school. Even in difficult interpersonal situations in ways out of conflicts and crises can be found only if there is no atmosphere of fear. Only then will the parties be able to discover new aspects are incorporated into their experience, learn new things also. fall

that mirror neurons in anxiety and stress in a low-power, however, has yet another consequence: Intuition is not a good guide in such situations. The inhibition of the mirror system by stress may be one explanation for the intuitive responses fail under heavy loads and extremely irrational panic and make the situation often worse than it already is. [...]

nerve cells for the presentation of sensations fire not only when we are planning an action or even run. They behave like mirror neurons and occur even in action when we see just how is someone else, or even has feelings. nerve cells of the inferior parietal cortex, which are responsible for the conception of sensations can therefore give us information about how one of us observed person feels. Be awakened in us precisely the nerve cells for the idea of feelings that would come into action if we had found ourselves in the situation in which we watch the situation.

The activity of mirror neurons for the idea generated by feelings in the observer an intuitive and immediate understanding of the feelings of the perceived person. Added to an analogy comes to mirror the behavior of neurons act that even if only part of an action sequence can be performed to produce an idea of the whole process of an action sequence. Such predictions are also possible for the development of feelings. Just a brief impression of a person may be sufficient to produce an intuitive idea of what the physical sensations of the observed person in the course are short-term. People we see around us create in us not only intuitive ideas about their action plans, but in us, the observers are also a program underway that examines the question: "How would this now and in the wider Done feel? "This is done automatically, there is an implicit expiring, pre-reflective process that does not require deliberate effort and no conscious thought. The result is an intuitive perception, how does a watch from us humans most likely straight. express 44-45 The Mystery of the sympathetic charisma

ability, empathy and compassion so that it is perceived by others as appropriate, seems one of the secrets of a sympathetic appearance to be. In allowing themselves reflections of other people, to be moved by their views and feelings, seems to be rewarded with sympathy. Studies show that we experience, especially for those people sympathy which in turn reflect adequately can. We evaluate, among other things, whether we do facial expressions and body language of people to be congruent, that is suitable for a given external situation. People who recount a sad movie scene with a cheerful countenance, obtained from outside observers negative approval ratings, while many people who can take part and whose body-language expression to the specific situations in which they are located, corresponds to gather sympathy points. Two limiting aspects are important: A generating sympathy match between a given situation and the situation shown in that body language can be not consciously plan or willingly make. The sympathy effect carries over to me if the person is spontaneous and authentic, that is, if its expression is in line with their actual inner mood. The second, perhaps even more interesting aspect is that the effect of collapsing the positive aura, if the person taking part fully in sympathy rises If any distance is lost, is also lost the ability to be helpful.

Administration to imagine what others think

("Theory of Mind")

to much of what we make permanent use, we have become so accustomed that we no longer think about it. The same is true with the ability to contact with another human being very quickly get an impression of what motivates him, what he wants and what he at the moment arrives. Quick to grasp what is going on in another person, as already mentioned, referred to in the industry as the ability to form a "theory of mind. The impression of the inner motives of other flows to us entirely spontaneous, it is intuitive since, has already set before we start to reflect it consciously: He is pre-reflexively. Whether it is a "right" impression is - this may sound surprising - not so important how we think. More important for the success of interpersonal contact, is that ever a intuitive impression of the opposite occurs, so that a spontaneous communication can begin. A difficulty arises only when we leave the ability to provide a theory of mind "to be made of the other person.

Since it was not there so few people who have a serious problem in this regard [...] (see Chapter 3 and 9) , deal neurobiologists, psychologists and physicians have long been the question of how to develop the property, a "theory of mind" really is. With the discovery of mirror neurons, we have arrived at the answer to that question. The system of mirror neurons provides us with the neurobiological basis for mutual emotional understanding are available. When we experience the feelings of other people in our own neuronal networks resonate, that is brought to vibrate, which put the feelings of others show up in our own spiritual experience. The ability, compassion and feel empathy, based on the fact that our own neural systems - in the various emotional centers of the brain - spontaneously and involuntarily recreate in us the feelings we experience with a fellow human. From a neurobiological point of view is every reason to believe that no machine and no biochemical method can detect the emotional state of another human being ever so and can control how it is possible by the people themselves .

third

As the child is reflected in the world

and the problem of autism to

have mirror cells that actually reflect one of the most important things in the luggage for the journey through life. Without mirror neurons, no contact, no spontaneity, no emotional understanding. The genetic basic equipment provides the infant has a starter set of mirror neurons available that give it the ability to take a few days after birth, with its most important people first mirror actions. It is crucial however, whether his chance is given to implement such actions, because a basic rule of our brain is: "Use it or lose it. "nerve cell systems, which are not used are lost. Mirror actions do not develop by themselves, they always need a partner.

"Use it or lose it": The mirror neurons of the baby must be recorded start

fact that we are born with an innate, genetically linked basic configuration of mirror neurons in the life shows itself in a phenomenon that would not be possible without them: When properly chosen distance babies begin within hours or days after birth, certain facial expressions, they look to imitate spontaneously. Opens to meet them face-looking mouth, they do the same. In a face with pursed mouth, the baby responds by itself curls his lips, and it sticks out his tongue when he is fooling it. With its amazing ability to imitate the infant has already from the first days of life the opportunity to engage a two-way game, which leads to develop secure interpersonal bonds. The neurobiological term willingness to spontaneous imitation document is the framework around which develops the relationship between infant and caregiver. begins between the newborn and the primary caregiver now something, the magic is to be compared only with the situation of fresh love. And actually happened from a neurobiological point of view in both cases something very similar: a mutual receiving and reflecting returning signals, a sensing and feeling of what the other straight, moving in the true sense of the word, accompanied by the experimenter, even sending out signals and , look how far they reflected back from the opposite, that is to be returned. This game is not only at the beginning of a love relationship, it is, in less intense form, the starting point of any interpersonal relationship.

^a These investigations are conducted by a working group led by the Americans and Andrew Meltzoff of the German research couple Hanus and Mechthild Papousek.

² As the mother sometimes can not even be available and instead play the father or other, the main role in the supply, I am using the term "primary caretaker." Your best "occupation" is undoubtedly the mother.

In order to start the whole wonderful game at all levels, needed by the infant caregivers, but not any can "comparison, not just any training wall, but real" players, which reflect themselves . [...] Most children have suitable players: respect people with a normally developed ability, with love, sensitivity and warmth to the infant to respond The best players are the parents [...]

, since they are doped because of the birth experience of nature with a substance that increases their ability to bind: oxytocin. Where parents are not available, loving caregivers can provide good substitute. However, it has a longer time or permanently available so that it can build up between them and the child is a bond.

The genetic basic equipment is anything but a guarantee that the biological systems of the later people actually work in such a way as is possible in principle. Congenital mirror systems of the infant can develop and evolve only if it is for him a suitable and appropriate therapeutic relationship. of the popular errors of our time is the widespread opinion, the essential key to the success of our development is to look only in the genes. In fact, relationship experiences and lifestyles that are associated always with an activation of specific neurobiological systems, a huge influence on both the regulation of gene activity as well as micro-structures of our brain. Nowhere is as clear as in the mirror systems, the importance of interpersonal relationships for the biology of our bodies have.

S.62entstehende sense of involvement also lead to an output of endogenous opioids. This not only explains why between human affection - as reflected in Studies showed - pain bearable, but also why we are calibrated to neurobiological bond. ⁴

Early reflections cause not only mental but also physical happiness. Conversely, calls a deliberately refused mirroring forth massive pain reactions. This experiment makes clear, known in the literature as "still face procedure." The caregiver takes her face in the right distance from the face of the child. If the adult now, contrary to his own emotional intuition, his face completely still retains intentionally, then the child turns impulsive from. If the procedure is repeated several times, this has an emotional return to the result, the readiness of the infant decreases, look for further ways to mimic signal exchange .

From observations of this kind can and must be concluded that testing, newborns and infants emotionless to care for purely "rational" or "reasonable" criteria, have devastating consequences. They ruin the child's ability to come up with other people in emotional contact and to feel connected with them intuitively. The early game with reflective imitation provides the foundation of what Daniel Goleman has described as emotional intelligence.

Although the newborn in the first few weeks have not experienced as a separate person, reflecting the early exchange of characters created in him a first basic intuitive sense of social connectedness. [...] Since at this time distinguish between himself and others still can not have these early researchers infant communicative exchange as "Intersubjectivity without subjects' means, that is a relationship between human action, without - in relation are already provided by an active subject spoken - the child could. Despite this, developing the basic feeling of being in an intuitive connection with other similar beings to live with them in a common emotional world. This emerging through mutual mirroring operations feeling of Vittorio Gallese as "S-Identity" (for: social identity) called, represents a human primal urge: Infant researchers found that infants with only two months actively with an emotional vote or agreement of the mother are ready. As is clear from tricky experiments, the child develops in the third month a feel for it with their own Manifestations of life with her caregivers can cause behavioral changes. Around this time around, the infant also begins his own attention to the viewing direction and thus to the attention of adults from dressing. This first sign of a "joint attention", a reflective settling on a common target of attention, is another example of how much the infant is designed to coordinate with its caregivers intuitively. First approaches of emotional intelligence are now visible.

The importance of children's play

for development The mirror systems

Start with about six months infants the process and the goal of movement sequences save. This is shown, for example, that the child at this age the first time expect the appearance of a ball that was rolled up behind one side of a canopy, on the other side. This is an important precondition that it can save some time later action sequences, including their final state. To the ninth month around the child is able to represent objects or persons in charge in the knowledge that they exist even further if they are not visible. [...] . These so- called object constancy is evident not only in the relationship of children to caregivers, but also because it goes to, for example, a ball that was wrapped in a towel, unpack again, because - unlike before, now knows that the Ball, though not visibly present, continue. At this important stage of development, namely an inner idea of persistence ni cht visible objects have to build on the ability to develop ideas about non-visible sections of an action sequence. With about twelve to fourteen months, the child in the situation, objectives and purposes of the acts which it was observed to predict and understand that regard. Gradually expanded so that the possibilities of the mirror system.

The child creates his picture of the world as a collection of action. Interactions, actions and feelings are not only the stuff of which the outer world is constructed, but also the basis for conceptions of self. The realization that there is a distinction between self and other are formed between the twelfth and eighteenth month of life. About this time comes around to the existing intuitive sense of social identity ("S-Identity": I belong to the world of others) is now the perception of their own identity as an individual added ("I-Identity": I'm different than the other).

not only to design an image of the world but also in order to define itself, it must be the child's brain, so can relate to resident programs, describe the experienced action and interaction sequences.

[...] to memories that act, and feel it is not by itself. As with the early exchange of reflecting imitations shortly after birth, the child is later rely on fixed reference person have, that it can make consistent relationship experiences. But that is where the mutual contact now added shortly before the end of the second year, a little further. The child needs now also a training ground, where it can test actions and feelings in different roles, ie, from different perspectives. This training ground for future real world is a child's game. Its outstanding importance stems from the fact that the child can learn about training here and only here, a tremendous range of action and interaction sequences.

[...] The ability to play is linked to neurobiological conditions: At the age of about eighteen months, the child is so far as to observe the actions specifically and by conscious, can practice self-controlled imitation. The mirror systems have been developed and are ready to get models of everything to see. But this is not enough. The toddler can not open up the world of the game itself. It must first be a period of time from caregivers introduced into it. Caregivers who teach the child to play are replaced by anything from a neurobiological point of view, because the mirror systems - as shown by studies - only reflecting in action sequences may, if they live examples come from biological actors. Babies need so-present, living administrator. People or characters that can only be seen on the screen, have the serious and significant disadvantage that they can make the child no individual interactions. Only when workers are present in person, individually respond to the actions of the child and bring the games are back on track, can young children after they have reached an appropriate age to go over from time to time to organize the game.

A performance review systems:

security through orientation and the identification of meaningful character

The observation and imitation of handling other people's each other and with the objects of the world lead to the establishment of new connections between nerve cells. Which leads to one and a half years beginning imitation phase, if it is supported by a sufficient range of games, to enhance that system of mirror neurons, which allows the full spectrum later intuitive understanding and action . actions are more than just motor events. They are always accompanied by a perception of how the Action for the actor feels. How does an act feels, is in both senses of the word "feel" important. It is important first, to assess which physical sensations to expect from good feelings of discomfort to pain may be possible, are. On the other hand, most actions are also in an emotional and affective context. These aspects need an introduction by caregivers for the child they bring in after a certain time itself into the game and then have a workout can.

are acts more than just motor events. They are always accompanied by a perception of how the action feels for the actor. How does an act feels, is in both senses of the word "feel" important. It is important first, to assess which physical sensations to expect from good feelings of discomfort to pain may be possible, are. On the other hand, most actions are also in an emotional and affective context. These aspects need an introduction by caregivers for the child they bring in after a certain time itself into the game and then have a workout can.